QUEENSTOWN
T A S M A N I A
Queenstown Tasmania : Wilderness frontier.
DISCOVERIES
During the summer of 1881 Con Lynch and Tom Currie led expeditions inland from Macquarie Harbour along the King River. Their motivation was to explore the Queen River valley for new exploitable stands of valuable Huon Pine and prospect for Gold. They found a huge tract of temperate rainforest with the densest proliferation of ancient Huon Pines and, astonishingly, King Billy pines growing together. They also panned traces of Gold in many of the Queen River's tributing streams. The government had recently made the incredible reward sum of 5000 pounds payable to the discoverer of a payable Gold resource in an effort to stop the population drain to the Victorian rush. This huge sum of money provided more than enough incentive for hardy prospectors to explore the Western Wilderness.
None were hardier than Thomas Currie who prospected up the deep eastern gorge of a Queen River tributary noting a large spectacular waterfall. He continued onto a ridge between Mt Owen and Mt Lyell until exhaustion necessitated him to make camp. He headed back down the Queen River valley without knowing he had camped just a few hundred yards from the Iron Blow.
Horsetail Falls - pre devastation
BONANZA
One of Lynches party then found a cricket ball sized chunk of Quartz stone heavy with nuggety Gold in a tributary to the lower Queen River. A Gold bearing quartzite ore body was identified and pegged, Lynch set off to file the claim and the King River Gold Mining Company was floated soon after.
A minor rush ensued and at least a dozen more claims were soon pegged. The first settlement at 'Lynches show' was established about a mile north of the Queen River crossing soon after to become known as Lynchford.
A cart-way was established from near the former colonial site of Farm Cove on Macquarie harbour, through the valley between Mt Sorell and Mt Darwin into Huon and King Billy pine rich rainforest crossing the King and Queen Rivers to the settlement around the King River Gold mine. This enabled supplies to be laboriously moved inland to the by then several established Piners and Miners shows. This first cartway into the Queen River valley would become known as Lynch and Curries route.
The Lynch/Currie route delineation to the King River crossing is drawn and labelled on this early sketch map
PINERS & MINERS
The heavy mechanical sounds of the King River Gold Mine 10 head water powered stamp battery could be heard throughout the Queen River valley as it crushed quartzite ore. Several other shows would soon begin crushing ores with water powered stamps.
King River Gold mine : circa 1884 (Image from Galley Museum)
Princess Gold : circa 1888 (Image from Galley Museum)
NEW CHUMS
In early 1883, brothers Bill and Mick McDonough aka the Cooney Boys, along with Steve Karlson, began mining gold on the eastern ridge between Mt Lyell and Mt Owen, establishing the Mt Lyell Mining Company at the Iron Blow site. Soon, respected packer Dixon and James Crotty joined, believing more gold lay deeper, while Mr. FO Henry accepted shares in lieu as payment for equipment. The area quickly grew into a mining town simply referred to as Mt Lyell, prompting the Tasmanian government to extend the cart-way from Lynches show. In 1893, Anthony Edward Bowes Kelly recognised the site's copper potential. With minimal disclosure of the Copper potential he quietly acquired a majority share interest and controversially transformed it all into the Mt Lyell Mining & Railway Company. In 1894, the town was renamed Gormanston most likely to honour Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston Governor of Tasmania appointed the previous year.
BIG BUSINESS
The new board of the 1893 Mt Lyell Mining & Railway Company, led by Bowes Kelly, needed three key innovations for success. First, they required a cost-effective smelting method due to the lack of coal and dwindling forest resources. From their research, Kelly and invested board members William Knox and William Orr contacted American metallurgist Robert Carl Sticht, who was striving to innovate a combustable sulphide ore fuelled smelting process. Sticht became chief metallurgist, relocating with his wife to implement this innovative technique. A town named Penghana was established at the foot of Sticht's smelter works.
BOOM
The Iron Blow mine and Stitch's smelters success spurred demand for its pure copper, necessitating a railway to transport it to the Lower King River port named Teepookana. Engineer Fred Cutten designed the rail corridor with two steep sections necessitating the use of locomotives equipped with the Swiss designed ABT rack and pinion system. Victorian based Garnsworthy and Smith were contracted to construct it but the challenges that arose overwhelmed the unprepared workforce. After appointing Edward Driffield, who employed and organised 400 additional labourers the railway was completed with grit and ingenuity using basic tools.
In 1897 the town of Penghana was destroyed by fire but plans had already been made to relocate the town further down the Queen River valley close to where the railway's passenger station had been sited. This led to the establishment of Queenstown which would become the main township of the Lyell District.
Queenstown Railway station circa 1899
NEW TOWN
Built around the success of the Smelter and Railway, Queenstown quickly grew to boast a population exceeding 5000. Robert Sticht was appointed the first General Manager of the Mt Lyell Mining and Railway Company and a stately grand mansion was built in which Robert, Marion and their three sons Robert Jr, Hadwell and Chester would live. This mansion, built on a hill with a befitting grand outlook over Queenstown is named Penghana House in tribute to that original ramshackle shanty village beside the initial smelter.
Penghana House circa 1898
COPPEROPOLIS
By the turn of last century the company prospered with multiple mines feeding an almost self fuelling smelter with a Railway and port working well. Fortunately, deposits of quality silica and limestone for fluxing, and clay for brickworks were very close by. Unfortunately the local forests had been consumed and still no coal had been found for general energy demands. The Mount Lyell Mining & Railway Company would innovate again. Taking cues from the series of aforementioned waterwheels already working down along the Queen River valley the company focused on utilising Hydro powered electricity generation on a new level. Abundant consistent rainfall provided constant water dynamic and this combined with the topography prompted the engineers of Lyell to survey local waterways for energy potential. Several options were discussed and considered. During 1906 a hugely ambitious idea to dam the upper King River and create a large artificial lake (Lake Dorothy) with the calculated potential of producing 160000 shaft horsepower was one of these. (The 1992 commissioned King River scheme formed Lake Burbury and generates approximately 200000 shaft horsepower with a single massive turbine at the John Butters powerstation).
The more efficient option was to collect the outflow of Lake Margaret, a natural lake and the source of the Yolande River, with a simple weir and pipe it to a hilltop valve and penstock was chosen. Construction started around 1910, a pilot plant generated energy from 1912 with the scheme and small township fully commissioned during 1914.
Lake Margaret powerstation circa 1918
The still currently operating Lake Margaret powerstation
BOOM & BUST
Combined with the nearby earlier townships of Gormanston, Linda, Lynchford, Comstock, and later the Lake Margaret village, the Lyell district population peaked at approximately 10000 and would maintain around 7000 people until 1970. The 1963 closure of the Railway as the company switched to automotive and the 1969 closure of the smelter as world trade exchanges demanded concentrated ore rather than the final commodity saw the workforce diminish by 1000. When mining went large scale underground from 1972 the implementation of mechanisation combined with the outsourcing of some supplies and services further eroded the employee numbers. The protested and subsequent failure of the 1982/83 planned Franklin/Gordon Rivers dams incited enormous upheaval but the fast tracked construction of the King and Henty Rivers hydropower schemes brought 900 jobs and prosperity to Queenstown from the mid 1980's albeit short lived and Government funded.
By 1993 Tasmania's Dams building era was over and Queenstown suddenly plunged to a new economic low.
12 hour shift rostered work regimes were applied from 1989 and the winding up of the community nurturing Mt Lyell Mining & Railway Company saw the population diminish to 3000. Queenstown's resident population continued to decline after 1995 when principal contractors were invited to tender for the Mt Lyell mining operation. The workforce quickly became transient and Queenstown's resident population diminished to just 1700.
RENAISSANCE
By 2010 after a decade of stagnancy, despite record production, Queenstown was noticeably evolving. A noticeable artistic presence spurned a regular heritage and arts festival. When banking institutions closed a group of forward thinking locals formed a financial company and operated a banking franchise. The regrowth of the forests was clearly visual and the pining industry found a new niche market for recovered and salvaged timbers. Recognition of the NO DAMS controversy became a folklore type topic now discussed with little fear of confrontation. Change had already occurred.
The Mt Lyell mine ceased production in 2014 and Queenstown has since become recognised as a spectacular wild place of artistic expression, a place of nature based tourism and adventure activities. Yet, Strahan and Queenstown retain an interestingly unique and spirited heritage of pioneer pining & mining on the wild frontier.
Queenstown and Strahan are on the fringe of Tasmania's Wilderness World Heritage Area (TWWHA) recognised globally as a place of unspoilt ancient temperate wilderness.
TWWHA is of infinitely greater universal value than any exploitable natural resource.
Orr street Queenstown
